Bacteria Are Often Maligned As The Causes Of Human And Animal Disease

Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira, which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms. Bacteria grow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions. ? When most people think of bacteria, they think of disease-causing organisms, like the Streptococcus bacter ia growing in culture in this picture, which were isolated from a man with strep throat. While pathogenic bacteria are notorious for such diseases as cholera, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea, such disease-causing species are a comparatively tiny fraction of the bacteria as a whole. ? Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. They may be found on the tops of mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the guts of animals, and even in the frozen rocks and ice of Antarctica. One feature that has enabled them to spread so far, and last so long is their ability to go dormant for an extended period. ? ? Bacteria have a wide range of envronmental and nutritive requirements. ? Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen. Aerobic bacteria thrive in the presence of oxygen and require it for their continued growth and existence. Other bacteria are anaerobic, an d cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are the facultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. ? Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs. Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment -- this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely on fermentation or respiration. ? The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite di verse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. ? ? Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem. ? The ecosystem, both on land and in the water, depends heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur is completed by their ceaseless labor. ? Organic carbon, in the form of dead and rotting organisms, would quickly deplete the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere if not for the activity of decomposers. This may not sound too bad to you, but realize that without carbon dioxide, there would be no photosynthesis in plants, and no food. When organisms die, the carbon contained in their tissues becomes unavailble for most other living things. Decomposition is the breakdown of these organisms, and the release of nutrients back into the environment, and is one of the most important roles of the bacteria. ? The cycling of nitrogen is another important activity of bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere. The primary way in which nitrogen becomes available to them is through nitrogen fixation

Dubailand Final Case Study Essays

Dubailand Final Case Study Essays Dubailand Final Case Study Essay Dubailand Final Case Study Essay Essay Topic: Orlando The oil and natural gas industry in the AJAX has allowed Dubbed to pull in investors from neighboring countries in the region, as well as significant human and social capital, giving the city even more fuel for excessive growth. Dubbed is now a global leader in trade, travel, and business, and it is using its competitive advantages in order to diversify its strengths into a variety of businesses and industries. Through its convenient location, its oil and gas assets, and its diverse human capital, Dubbed has positioned itself as the center Of world trade not only in the Middle East, but worldwide. It is no surprise that Dubbed has been able to use its central location in order become a major player in both the shipping and aviation industries. The AJAX was able construct the largest port on the Persian Gulf which made the region a great cargo hub in the Middle East and stimulated trade with China. Dubbed has also established one of the largest airports in the world and accommodates over 60 million flying passengers per year. Because of Tubas prime location and ease of access, it is now a hot spot for luxury, leisure, and tourism. The vast growth in business and tourism in Dubbed make the city an excellent place for investors in the retail, entertainment, and real estate industries to spend their money. Dubbed is now filled with lavish stores, restaurants, and nightclubs. The citys magnificent skyscrapers and extraordinary hotels and real estate are now as impressive as any in the world, and Dubbed will continue to use what it has built in order to keep expanding and drawing in tourism money from all over the world. While Tableland was in some ways inspired by Disneyland, there were numerous differences between the two, most of which were driven by the different conditions and environments. While Disney was an already successful private enterprise in the largest free market economy and its Florida project, Disneyland was led by it. Disney chose the site in Florida for its year round temperate weather, access infrastructure and existing tourism industry. No doubt, state government hospitality to the project would have been a factor in the decision as well and perhaps the State government in Florida encouraged the project and acted as a supportive partner. Disneyland Orlando also had an advantage in having a proven model in its California Disneyland in a fairly similar market both destinations would aim mainly at American Family holidaymakers from the region, making demand prediction and consumer behavior a little more predictable than if the project were based elsewhere in the world. Tableland on the other hand, was a project being led and driven by the oil rich Emirate of Tubas political leadership. This was one of many enormous development projects in the region that were mimed at building a non oil economy on which the AAU could depend in the post fossil fuel future. It had succeeded in establishing itself and Dubbed in particular as a tourism, business and trading hub and was determined to scale those aspects of its economy up, massively. The Emirs controlled the United Emirates with unopposed authority and with immense oil capital which they were able to use to aggressively develop their infrastructure. The Arab leadership represented the Arab population that was now only 5% of the people in Dubbed, for example which was filled with expatriate workers aging advantage of the low tax and fast growth environment and contributing to the burgeoning economy of the Emirate. The Emirs protected the local interests and took every advantage possible of talent, capital and expertise from around the world while expertly strategists and managed their economy. While they bull a cosmopolitan culture to attract and retain this talent as well as tourism, the deeper sensibilities were steeped in Islamic and Arab tradition and formality. The site for the project would by definition be in an area with Oppressive heat through the year and an unremarkable Netscape apart from pristine sand dunes. Sheikh Maximum, the Crown Prince of Dubbed would develop this area while also developing the access infrastructure around it including road and air travel and hotels. It would also face the task of building massive water desalination capabilities for the area and ensure a global marketing operation beyond comparison. Its long term success would be dependent on attracting enough visitors (1 5 million per year was the target) most of whom would be international tourists. While the government would focus on these aspects the Tableland business model mimed at building private partnerships and attracting developers who would build portions of the project or through leases where private companies would operate particular attractions or facilities and stores. This public- Private partnership model enabled the project to be enormously scalable and created opportunities for investment but would lack some of the control that Disney would have on its own, owned projects like the one in Orlando. Tourism itself was the center of Tubas plans to move away from its dependency on oil. Its lack of cultural, historic or natural attractions meant ours would revolve around amusement, shopping and a wide variety of activities. Therefore Tableland was a part of the initiative to build the area as the worlds leading tourism hub. Disneyland on the other hand aimed to capitalize on existing tourism traffic and further build on it. The brand that was being sold to potential visitors also had its subtle differences. The Disneyland brand is centered on the magic of Disney itself and its rich portfolio of stories, characters and inescapable multi-media content that American consumers were constantly exposed to. The sense Of anticipation bout Disneyland would therefore be significant and while it created expectations it created the possibility for modernization. Tableland on the other hand would have to build an entirely new brand for itself and this would be based on the sheer scale and unparalleled variety on offer. It would attractive to Asian and European tourists for its accessibility and short flying distance, lower cost than the options in those geographies and for having options for every possible type of person and therefore family member. It would position itself as a self contained destination with every leisure facility imaginable. Perhaps related, Disney kept the project secret until launch to prevent real estate escalation in the area while they were still acquiring land for the project. They would be able to attract tourists after the project had been fully built. Tableland on the other hand depended on actively promoting the project around the world while it was even in its nascent stages, to be able to attract investors and to build, phase by phase, visibility to attract tourists. The Sheikh of Dubbed has played a major role in development of Dubbed. He had vision and tact to maneuver his extravagant plan for Dubbed awards success while at the same time keeping in mind the conservative fabric of his society. His development model was based on the end goal of reducing Tubas dependence oil revenues. Due to factor conditions, Middle Eastern countries have abundant oil reserves and oil trade contributes a majority percentage to their total revenue. Due to this advantage, middle- eastern countries are reaping tremendous monetary benefits and will continue to do so till their oil reserves are not depleted. These benefits have soloed them into focusing all their attention to the oil and gas sector. However, in the long run, their core competency will transform into core rigidity. And thats exactly what The Sheikh of Dubbed plans to not let happen. He has used different factor conditions available in his region to diversify economic activities. Development of ports and transforming Dubbed Into an aviation hub are some of his initiatives. At the same time, with tough citizenship and ownership laws, he has made sure to not neglect the original inhabitants on the region. And it is these tough laws that foreign individuals and firms should evaluate prior to investing in Dubbed. Foreign nationals have been known to be imprisoned for breaking Seas very stringent laws. Financial default is punishable by imprisonment. Pathetic labor conditions may result in negative publicity for investors. The war on terrorism has created a political turmoil in the region. Dubbed, till now, has not been directly affected by this turmoil but its proximity makes it vulnerable. The Dubbed government should look at other similar cases of Disneys venture into Paris and Hong Kong and how those didnt live up to expectations. The non SUCCess Of similar endeavors in regions other than USA points to a ultra difference. It may be possible that amusement parks are not an attractive option for Asians and Europeans. And since US citizens constitute only 5% of total tourists flowing into Dubbed, Tableland may end up facing similar struggles. Also, their projected figure on visitors at mill annually is way higher than the expected mill capacity of Dubbed airport. The infrastructure will also have to be upgraded to meet the expected demand. Due to the ongoing turmoil in the middle-east, it will be a difficult in attracting American tourists into Dubbed. Dubbed can also amend its visa laws with orgasm such as visa on arrival for certain regions to boost tourism. The negative publicity received due to poor labor working conditions will have an influence on the inflow of foreign investment. Power generation may become an issue and Dubbed may fall short of meeting future demand. Dubbed should invest in solar energy and utilize the ample sunlight its surface receives. Porters Diamond non SUcceSS of similar endeavors in regions other than ASSAI points to a similar struggles.

Wireless Network Active Attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Network Active Attacks - Essay Example The best solution to this problem is RF proofing the nearby atmosphere. The use of Wireless technologies is increasing rapidly and Wireless technology is much admired. So companies are exchanging their usual wired networks with wireless - even for non-mobile functions. There have been several warnings from security advisors regarding wireless protocols, Especially for WEP, being disgustingly insecure. Unauthorized access to wireless network can occur from different ways for example, when a user turns on a computer and it latches on to a wireless admittance point from a neighboring company’s overlapping network, the user may not even know that this has occurred. But, it is a security violate in that proprietary company information is exposed and now there could exist a link from one company to the other. A denial-of-service attack is an effort to make computer resources unavailable to its intended users. It is the malicious efforts of a persons or number of persons to stop a web site or service from carrying out proficiently or at all. One general way of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot react to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. It normally slows down the network performance. For example speed of opening files and closing files slow down. System will also be unable to access any web site. The bandwidth of a router linking the Internet and a local area network may be consumed by DoS. There are also other types of attack that may include a denial of service as a module, but the denial of service may be a part of a larger attack. Illegal utilization of resources may also result in denial of service. For instance, an interloper can use someone’s secret ftp ar ea as a place to store illegal copies of commercial software, overwhelming disk space and generating network